Evidence

A document, photograph, recording, or artifact created at the time of the events it describes — letters, orders, diaries, contemporaneous reports.

A judgment, indictment, transcript, or filing from a court of law.

An official record produced by a government body — a report, memo, order, or dataset.

A formal legislative investigation, such as a congressional hearing or parliamentary commission report.

A document held and catalogued by a national or institutional archive (e.g. national archives, presidential libraries).

Research published in a peer-reviewed academic journal.

Scholarly research or analysis that may not have gone through formal peer review, such as a university working paper or institutional report.

A quantitative estimate (often of casualties or population effects) produced by historians, demographers, or research institutions after the fact.

Original investigative reporting by a professional news organization, typically involving its own documentary or source research.

A first-person account — survivor, witness, or participant testimony, presented as testimony rather than independently verified fact.

A claim that has been made but not established through legal proceeding, official investigation, or documentary evidence.

A claim that reputable sources actively contest, included with that context made explicit.